Fig. 4

Intranasal Infusion of NPY1R and GALR2 Agonists Facilitates Neuronal Differentiation of DCX-Positive Cells in the Dorsal Hippocampus, as Evidenced by Alterations in Dendritic Morphology. a Categorization of DCX-labelled cells was based on their dendritic morphology, specifically delineating between the proliferative, intermediate, and post-mitotic stages of neuronal differentiation. b Quantitative analysis revealed a significant reduction in DCX-labelled cells devoid of dendrites or those with dendrites shorter than the soma size in rats treated with a combination of M1145 and NPY1R agonist, compared to other groups. Data are expressed as the percentage of each category. This was statistically significant as determined by a two-way ANOVA (interaction F6,36 = 30.60, p < 0.001; row factor F2,36 = 436.5, p < 0.001, Newman-Keuls post-hoc test: p < 0.001). In contrast, an elevation in the proportion of mature cells was evident in the M1145-NPY1R-treated rats relative to the control group (Newman-Keuls post-hoc test: p < 0.001). Abbreviations: Control = Distilled water; M1145 = Galanin 2 receptor agonist 132 µg; Y1R = NPY1R receptor agonist [Leu31-Pro34]NPY 132 µg; M1145 + Y1R = Co-administration of M1145 and NPY1R; M1145 + Y1R + M871 = Co-administration of M1145, NPY1R, and GALR2 antagonist M871 132 µg